Theriogenology – Problems of Pregnancy Practice Test

These questions are part of the practice quiz. Start practicing

• What is the primary rationale for collecting samples during abortion investigations?
• What is a typical limitation of using PGF2α for pregnancy termination in cattle?
• What is the prognosis for rupture of the prepubic tendon?
• What are listed as the causes of ascending placentitis in mares?
• Which prevention strategy is appropriate for Campylobacter abortion risk in small ruminants?
• When does uterine torsion usually occur in the horse?
• Which statement about palpation for pregnancy in mares is true?
• What is the recommended approach to investigating an abortion outbreak to identify etiologic agents?
• Which statement best describes the general management approach to pregnancy problems in cattle?
• Between 100 and 250 days of gestation, the fetal heart rate should generally remain above how many bpm?
• Vesicle visibility and embryo proper detection follow which typical timeline?
• After 300 days, the fetal heartbeat should be above how many bpm?
• Pregnancy can be diagnosed by palpation alone at which days?
• What stage of gestation defines late gestation in mares for vaccination timing?
• What is Hydrops Allantois?
• Fetuses should be assessed for presentation with transabdominal ultrasound around how many days of gestation?
• By 10-11 days after ovulation, the embryonic vesicle is visible on ultrasound examination.
• Which sampling and testing strategy is typical when investigating abortion in small ruminants?
• What is the optimal time window to differentiate male and female fetuses in the mare?
• How can you diagnose Hydrops Allantois?
• What is the approximate gestation length in cows, and how is this used in abortion surveillance?
• Outline a stepwise approach to managing dystocia due to malpresentation in cows.
• Why is monitoring late gestation important in abortion surveillance?
• Which statement correctly describes placental cotyledons and placentitis effects?
• Is the pregnancy vesicle still mobile on day 14 in the mare?
• What is a true statement about placental infection (placentitis) in cattle?
• Why do the fetal hind limbs enter the gravid horn?
• T/F: CTUP varies between equine breeds.
• CTUP reference ranges in horses.
• In cattle, what gross placental lesion is most indicative of bacterial placentitis?
• How can negative energy balance and ketosis in late gestation contribute to abortion risk in dairy cattle?
• How does a retained placenta postpartum contribute to metritis and future fertility issues?
• Which statement about Hydrops Allantois is true?
• The statement 'We have come a long way towards understanding the mechanism of maternal recognition in the mare' is true.
• What is uterine torsion in cattle and how is it corrected?
• During which gestational window can fetal sex be determined a second time?
• Cerebellar hypoplasia in calves is a hallmark lesion indicating infection with which virus?
• When does Hydrops Allantois usually develop?
• Define stillbirth and differentiate it from abortion with respect to timing and viability.
• Ultrasound timing in the pregnant mare is usually done on which day after ovulation, and why?
• How does placental edema present on ultrasound, and what does it indicate?
• Which samples are commonly collected to diagnose infectious abortion in cattle?
• What is the prognosis for Hydrops Allantois?
• What is the typical necropsy approach to determine cause of abortion in a ewe or doe?
• How can a rupture of the prepubic tendon be treated in mares?
• Which hormone is measured starting around day 90 through term in mares?
• Which mares are more susceptible to rupture of the prepubic tendon?
• How is prostaglandin F2α used in cattle for pregnancy termination, and what is a key limitation?
• If a mare has a posterior presentation that persists, what should be planned?
• Conceptus enlarges to extend into both uterine horns after how many days?
• Which factor characterizes natural reduction of twin pregnancies in mares after asynchronous ovulation?
• What diagnostic feature helps distinguish BVDV-induced fetal cerebellar hypoplasia from other fetal CNS lesions?
• Which infectious etiology is commonly associated with fetal CNS lesions such as cerebellar hypoplasia in calves?
• Transient elevations above 120 bpm during the final weeks of gestation may be considered normal. True or False?
• On day 21, which describes the embryo’s appearance on ultrasound?
• Which consequence is seen in foals from fescue toxicosis?
• How should aborted materials be handled on-farm to minimize risk and maximize diagnostic yield?
• Which statement accurately contrasts fetal mummification with fetal maceration in cattle?
• What is a major cause of reproductive loss in equines due to placental insufficiency?
• Which statement best describes the ultrasound milestones in early equine pregnancy?
• Which statement best describes twin pregnancy risk differences between mares and cows?
• After day 90, what might be observed regarding palpation of the fetus?
• Name three bacterial pathogens commonly isolated from aborted bovine fetuses or placentas.
• How is fetal viability assessed by ultrasound in cattle?
• Why is proper sampling and biosafety important in abortion outbreak investigations?
• Which statement is not a feature of ascending placentitis?
• Uterine torsion is more common in mares than in cows: True or False?
• What is the normal range for bovine gestation length and why is this important for monitoring abortion risk?
• Which prevention strategy is appropriate for chlamydophila abortus abortion risk in small ruminants?
• What is the recommended approach to protect humans when handling aborted material?
• As shown in pregnancy assessment, what are typical changes in uterine tone and cervix if the mare is pregnant?
• What gross placental changes are typical of placentitis due to bacterial infection?
• In diagnosing Hydrops Allantois, which finding is typically used on rectal exam?
• Major zoonotic abortion agent in ruminants and preventive recommendation for humans.
• The hind limbs entering the gravid horn serves to lock the fetus in which presentation?
• Explain the function of placental cotyledons and how placentitis affects placental function.
• Which statement about ultrasound timing is correct?
• Which combination of therapies is used in treating ascending placentitis?
• Which statement about fetal viability is true in the context of ascending placentitis?
• Which statement about ultrasound examination for pregnancy in mares is true?
• When investigating an abortion event, which diagnostic methods are commonly submitted to a diagnostic lab?
• What hormonal changes support maintenance of pregnancy in cows, and which test indicates luteal activity?
• In late gestation ultrasound evaluation, which practice aligns with the described timing?
• When is ascending placentitis typically seen in the mare?
• How do infections occur in ascending placentitis?
• Embryonic vesicle large enough to palpate at how many days after ovulation?
• What is the therapy for Hydrops Allantois?
• How can you diagnose uterine torsion in the horse?
• In cattle, how are primary retained fetal membranes (RFM) defined and what general management approach is used?
• What is the result of ascending placentitis in the mare?
• How do placentation patterns differ between cows and mares, and what implication does this have for abortion pathology?
• Which statement about embryonic development detectable by ultrasound in the mare is true?
• Which diagnostic test would most specifically confirm BVDV involvement in suspected fetal cerebellar hypoplasia?
• When is the embryonic vesicle first visible on ultrasound in the mare?
• When is the embryo proper visible on ultrasound in the pregnant mare?
• Why would a veterinarian perform endocrine testing to diagnose pregnancy in a mare?
• Which hormone is typically measured between days 45 and 100 during pregnancy testing?
• Around what gestational age is ultrasound reliable for confirming pregnancy in cattle?
• Which ultrasound finding indicates separation of the allantochorion from the uterus?
• In horses, what is the most common infectious cause of mid to late gestation abortion and a key preventive measure?
• What does PCR on fetal or placental tissue detect in abortion investigations?
• What are mares at risk for in a twin pregnancy?
• In cattle, what condition is a known risk when there is a female co-twin?
• What practice maximizes diagnostic accuracy and preserves sample integrity during abortion investigations?
• What is transabdominal ultrasound primarily used for in mares?
• The hind limbs become fixed in the gravid horn by which day?
• What does a low progesterone level in a cow around the expected estrus most likely indicate?
• How does twin pregnancy incidence and risk differ between cattle and mares?
• Placental lesion most characteristic of bacterial placentitis in cattle on gross examination?
• In cattle, what condition can occur when a female co-twin is born with a male co-twin?
• Rupture of the prepubic tendon in the mare is due to what mechanical effect?
• What is the likelihood of delivering twins with viable foals that survive the neonatal period?
• What is the most common cause of equine placentitis?
• What is the role of progesterone testing in diagnosing pregnancy status in cattle?
• Hydrops Allantois can involve accumulation of which fluids?
• Which statement best describes the categories of abortion etiologies relevant to small ruminants?
• Distinguish abortion due to placental infection from postpartum endometritis.
• Name two diagnostic tests used to identify infectious causes of abortion in cattle and what they detect.
• What is freemartinism and how is it diagnosed in cattle?
• What features characterize an abortion storm in a herd?
• How is Neospora caninum related to abortion risk in cattle, and what preventive measure is recommended?
• Which prevention strategy is appropriate for toxoplasma gondii abortion risk in small ruminants?
• Which statement correctly describes hind limb timing?
• Which develops in the late-stage fetal hypoxic process?
• Which statement about CTUP reference ranges is correct?
• Between 250 and 300 days, fetal heartbeat should remain above how many bpm?
• Those in posterior presentation should be reassessed at which day?
• Which virus is most associated with cerebellar hypoplasia in newborn calves when infected in utero?
• In calves, which statement about thymic changes is true in BVDV fetal infection?
• Twin pregnancies in mares are associated with which neonatal outcome?
• How does Hydrops Allantois present?
• What systemic signs may accompany abortion due to Brucella infection in cattle?
• What does CTUP stand for in ultrasound assessment of ascending placentitis?
• Which hormone testing window corresponds to Estrone Sulfate baseline?
• Name two herd management strategies known to reduce abortion incidence.
• What ultrasound findings are associated with ascending placentitis?
• Ultrasound detectability of the pregnancy vesicle is most reliable when the vesicle diameter is which?
• Name four infectious causes of abortion in cattle and a basic preventive measure for each.
• Which statement best describes the approach when a vesicle is detected during mare pregnancy ultrasound?
• Which sequence describes the heart rate changes during progressive fetal hypoxia?
• What does Fescue Toxicosis cause?
• If the fetus is not in proper position for parturition and posterior presentation remains, what is the recommended management?
• Which measure is most appropriate to prevent abortions related to Leptospira spp. exposure in cattle?
• In twin pregnancies, which foaling complication is mares at risk for?
• How is fetal sex determined in the mare?
• What is fescue toxicosis caused by?
• Which diagnostic technique helps detect the spiraling broad ligament in uterine torsion?
• Which ultrasound sign confirms fetal viability in cattle around 30 days post-conception?
• Which endocrine test is measured as a baseline between days 14 and 45 in mares?
• How can fetal autolysis affect diagnostic yield in abortion investigations?
• Why is it important to differentiate abortion from stillbirth in herd investigations?
• What is the most common cause of abortion in late-gestation mares and a primary prevention strategy?
• During abortion outbreak investigations, which specimen set is recommended to identify etiologic agents?
• How does a mare get Fescue Toxicosis?
• What is the rationale and typical timing for EHV-1 vaccination in pregnant mares?
• Which statement about natural reduction of twins is correct?
• Which of the following are clinical signs of ascending placentitis?
• What are the two described routes of infection in ascending placentitis?
• What are the main methods used to diagnose pregnancy in cattle and the approximate timing for reliable confirmation?
• Hind limbs begin entering the gravid horn in which gestational window?
• What is the primary use of estrone sulfate measurement in late gestation?
• On day 21, the embryo tends to take on which of the following?
• Which treatments are used for ascending placentitis?
• Which is a typical gestational change in mares affected by fescue toxicosis?
• Define fetal mummification and fetal maceration, and give one distinguishing feature of each.
• What is a red bag delivery in equine dystocia and what immediate actions are required?
• What is the normal physiological fetal response to hypoxia that increases oxygen delivery?
• What sonographic sign is most specific for placental insufficiency in late-gestation mares?
• The inability to palpate the fetus during rectal examination in Hydrops Allantois is due to what?
• Double, asynchronous ovulations may be difficult to detect in the mare.
• In equine maternal recognition, the embryo's effect on luteolysis is
• How is ascending placentitis diagnosed?
• What is the physiology of Fescue Toxicosis?
• Which sign may be detected occasionally in uterine torsion besides transrectal palpation?
• What is the mechanism of action in ascending placentitis in the mare?
• What are the clinical signs of uterine torsion?
• What fetal lesion in calves is strongly associated with congenital BVDV infection?
• What effect on fetus due to fescue toxicosis?
• Which of the following is a predisposing factor for uterine torsion in the mare?
• Ergot alkaloids receptor affinity?